Any wheel wax will really go a long way to help...but you are still going to get dust... If they are always getting really bad, look into new brake pads.
Also, once having to live in an apartment, they sell battery operated 'power washers' which are not that powerful but work quite well in a parking lot. I used to use a Nomad 18V one. Held 3.5 gallons and then I would actually use one or two gallons of distilled water to rinse with. I could take my time, and not have to rush my washes based on the timer at the DIY wash. Something like this: http://www.amazon.com/Ivation-Multipurpose-Portable-Spray-Washer/dp/B00R0GBKR4