In a 2-1 decision in September 2006, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in United States v. Curtis Ellison that random plate checks are not an unconstitutional invasion of privacy and that "so long as the officer had a right to be in a position to observe the defendant's license plate, any such observation and corresponding use of the information on the plate does not violate the Fourth Amendment." Ellison appealed the decision, but last October the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear the case, letting the appeals' decision stand as the current law of the land. In its decision, the court joined virtually every other federal jurisdiction in saying individuals have no reasonable expectation of privacy when it comes to license plate numbers. The courts in the Tenth Circuit - in two separate rulings - the Fifth Circuit, the Eighth Circuit, and the Ninth Circuit all made similar determinations, and in both 2000 and 2003 the Sixth Circuit itself OK'd random computer checks of license plates without probable cause or even heightened suspicion.